Prevalence of polybacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Background and Objective: Wound infection treatment, particularly in chronic and bacterial poly cases, is difficult and entails heavy costs. This study was done to determine the prevalence of poly bacterial infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of wound samples from different wards

Methods: In this descriptive study, wound sampling was prepared from 336 patients admitted to different wards of Baqiatallah Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Identification was performed based on biochemical tests including oxidase test, TSI, IMVIC, lysine decarboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, urea, motility, catalase, coagulase, mannitol fermentation, optochin sensitivity, susceptibility to bacitracin and sulfamethoxazole, growth in Bile esculin and DNase production. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was determined using disk diffusion method for 14 important antibiotics

Results: 294 samples were positive for bacterial culture, from which 364 isolates including 11 different isolates were obtained. Out of 294 positive samples, 245 samples were mono bacterial and 54 were poly bacterial including two-bacterial [45 samples], three-bacterial [7 samples], and four-bacteral [2 samples]. 5. aureus [29.7%], Enterococci [15.6%], and E. coli [15.6%] were the most prevalent isolates. 5. aureus-Enterococci pattern was the most common two-bacterial pattern [33%], and majority of polybacterial patterns belonging to gram negative bacteria was in surgery ward [32.5%]. Antibiogram results showed high levels of antibiotic resistance in the isolates. Imipenem and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram negative isolates, and vancomycin for Gram positive isolates. Also, 71% of 5. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin

Conclusion: Variation of bacterial isolates was similar to other studies. Most of poly-bacterial wound infections were due to common nosocomial pathogens and their high rates of antibiotic resistance are extremely alarming

[Affecting factors the choice of delivery and attitude of pregnant women admitted to the civil hospitals, the Social Security Organization in 2013]

Background: Cesarean delivery is usually limited to cases where it is not possible through normal path, or is associated with serious risks for the fetus and mother, therefore it is expected, Caesarean section should be used in limited and specific cases and the rate of it does not exceed certain limits. Unfortunately, nowadays reported cesarean section rate is more than acceptable in the country. Lack of awareness of the complications of cesarean and negative attitude toward normal vaginal delivery was of the causes of the increased tendency of pregnant women to have cesarean. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting on selection of the methods of delivery and attitude of pregnant women admitted to the civil hospitals Social Security Organization in 2013.

Materials and Methods: This research was descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional. In this study of 2521 pregnant women in 67 civil hospitals Social Security Organization across the country had referred in the summer of 2013, using simple random sampling were examined. For data collection, a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the questions about reasons for selection of cesarean, and attitude measurement toward vaginal delivery and cesareanwas prepared by voting of midwives and obstetricians and then, after final approval by test-ratest method, completed through interviews withpergenant mothers. For the data analysis were used of SPSS 22 software and chi-square and T-tests.

Results: The mean age mothers were 27.64 +/- 0.21 and also 57% of them had a higher education diploma. The cesarean rate was 50.7% in women in the study. 57% of women tend to be more moderate cesarean [p<0.001]. Their main reasons for choosing cesarean were analgesia operating procedures, the lack of harm to the fetus, preventing tearing and deformed genitalia, do not require frequent examinations and suggestion of doctor or midwife. Significant statistically association was between current birth mothers with maternal age, spouse's age, age at marriage, level of Education, job, income, previous delivery, parity, stillbirth, infertility and miscarriage and a family history of cesarean section [p<0.001]. There was significant relationship between level of knowledge and attitude toward cesarean delivery [p<0.001]. But there was no found significant association between the attitude of the normal vaginal delivery with mother's level of knowledge [p=0.31].

Conclusion: According to the survey results and the relationship between attitudes to caesarean and selection, it is essential to deal with the excessive increase in cesarean and achieve an acceptable limit this type of delivery [cesarean section], Necessary actions should be performed to raise the awareness of women about the benefits of normal vaginal delivery and disadvantages of cesarean section.

Detection of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes A-E

The main cause of spreading staphylococcal infections among patients is the healthy carriers working in hospitals. With the secretion of different sorts of toxins such as entrotoxin, this bacteria can provide the conditions for attacking on the host. The main objective of this study is identification of the characteristics and differences in the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy carriers and from the patients on the basis of enterotoxin genes [sea-see]. One hundred and twenty of the patients and 80 of healthy carriers worked in health centers of Gorgan, north of Iran, were investigated for S. aureus isolate. The isolates were evaluated by PCR for Enterotoxin Genes A-E [SEA to SEE]. Enterotoxin genes [SEA to SEE] was found in 87.5% of the total isolates and the most frequent one was enterotoxin gene sea [N= 124]. The prevalence of these isolates in healthy carriers was significantly higher than those of the patients. Based on the results, the high percentage of S. aureus isolated from clinical samples contains enterotoxin genes. Therefore, Human as the source and carrier of S. aureus is paramount importance, which is due to significant relationship between being toxigenic strains and the source of isolation

[Telenursing benefits in patients with diabetes: a review article]

Telenursing is an affordable' easy and available nursing intervention and nurses can use this method to overcome the obstacles related to time and place. The purpose of this review was to provide evidence for the impact of telenursing on diabetic patients outcomes. An electronic search was performed for articles which were published in English and Persian languages on Pub Med, BMJ, Conult Nursing, Magiran, SID, and Iran Doc databases. The search was conducted using the following keywords: telephone-telephone follow up - telenursing - diabetic patients and quality of life of diabetics. These databases were searched in a time period of 2000 to 2012. 30 articles were included for review. Evidence indicated the positive effects of telenursing on some patient outcomes as control of blood glucose' adherence to diet and physical activity and improved quality of life in patient with diabetes. With regard to benefits of telenursing, it is recommended to include this affordable technology in health care programs

Design of a multiplex PCR method for detection of toxigenic-pathogenic in Vibrio cholerae

OBJECTIVE@#To study virulence and regulatory genes (hlyA, ctxB, tcpI) in clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), simultaneously.@*METHODS@#Three important genes, tcpI, hlyA and ctxB were used for detection of toxigenic and pathogenic V. cholera by chain reaction assay method.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the PCR, the incidence of hlyA, tcpI, and ctxB genes in clinical isolates was obtained as 94.7% (72 sample), 90.8% (69 sample), and 92.1% (70 sample), respectively. Five strains possessed all genes except ctxB, six strains possessed all genes except tcpI, four strains possessed all genes except hlyA, one strain possessed only hlyA and 60 strains contained a combination of three genes, Including hlyA, ctxB and tcpI.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Result show that this method could be reliable to detect toxigenic-pathogenic strains of V. cholerae in Iran.

[Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infection and drug sensitivity pattern, Tehran-Iran [2006-07]]

Considering the significant incidence of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients, this study was done to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infection and drug sensitivity pattern, Tehran-Iran. In this descriptive study, Staphylococcus aureus isolated and identified according to standard procedures from the wound infections of 614 patients referred to Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran-Iran during 2006-07. The samples were examined and antibiogram was performed by disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar with 12 antibiotics. 100 [16.28%] of wound infection of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 614 patients. The infection rate in men was twice compared to women. The highest rate 29 [29%] was observed in people aged 40 to 60 group. Also specimen's patients with immunosuppressive diseases [28 cases], surgical site infection [16 cases] and normal wounds [13 cases] were considered to be most prevalent isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that 96 [96%] of isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, 95 [95%] and 92 [92%] were resistant to penicillin and cotrimoxazole, respectively. Our result showed that 43% of strains were resistant at 11 antibiotics. This study showed that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 16.28% of samples, with 43% antibiotic resistance. The highest sensitivity was toward to vancomycin

[Evaluation of Consolida orientalis and Adonis vernalis extracts on eggs and larval of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus bursa]

Today, it has been revealed that some plants have active components with acaricidal properties, which they can be used as a promising alternative for the control of ticks and others arthropods. The main aim of this work was the evaluation of the effect of Consolida orientalis and Adonis vernalis extracts on eggs and larval stage of Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. To determining the efficacy of plant extracts on eggs and larval stage of ticks, dipping method was used. Two extract suspensions with different concentrations [100%, 10% and 1%] were used. The number of hatched larvae was considered as a hatchability criterion and the immobility of larvae was considered as larval death. The plant extracts used in this study showed considerable acaricidal effects on treatment groups in comparison with control group [p < 0.05%]. The egg hatchability rate of R. bursa exposed to the highest concentrations of C. orientalis and A. vernalis extracts were 30% and 34% respectively, while the egg hatchability rate of H. anatolicum anatolicum exposed to the same concentrations of extracts was zero. The effects of different concentrations of extracts on larval stage of ticks were dose and time dependent. In light of LC[50] in different days, the anti-tick effect of C. orientalis extract on eggs and larval stage was higher than A. vernalis. The results indicated that the resistance of R. bursa to the extracts was more than H. anatolicum anatolicum

[Assessment of the effect of 20% oral sucrose on pain relief from hepatitis B vaccine injection in full term infants]

Newborns often experience pain during routine invasive procedures. Although the pain caused by immunization injections could be controlled, but this procedure in infants is often done without pain relief. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 20%oral sucrose on the relief of pain from Hepatitis Bvaccine injection in full term infants. In this randomized clinical trial, 60 infant were selected and divided randomly into two groups. In the case group, 2 ml of 20% sucrose were given orally to the infants 2 minutes prior to the intramuscular injection of Hepatitis B vaccine. By contrast, the control group received 2 ml of sterile distilled water instead of sucrose. Infants' pain levels were assessed with the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale [NIPS] prior to the administration of the sucrose or water, as well as immediately after and 5 minute after the injection. Our findings show that there were no significant differences in the pain levels prior to the injection between the two groups regarding sex, gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, and postnatal age. There were also no significant differences in pain severity immediately after the injection between the two groups. However, 5 minute after the injection the average level of pain severity in the 20% sucrose group was significantly lower than the control group [P = 0.012]. Oral administration of 20% sucrose does not have an effect on the pain level immediately after intramuscular injection, but it relieves the pain 5 minute after the injection

[Determination of contamination with Clostridium botulinum in two species of processed and non prosecced fish]

The Clostridium botulinum is one of the most important causative of food poisoning. Spores of Clostridium botulinum spread out in the soil, the sea sediments, the marine environments and the marine animals. In recent years use of the marine food products like as fish and cultured fish are elevated. The aim of this study was done to compare between processing and non processing fish infected by predominant type of Clostridium botulinum. This descriptive study was done on the 146 samples of fish in two species of processed and non prosecced that collected from Gilan province in Iran during 2008. These samples included the Liza auratus Fish [45 processed fish and 28 non processed fish] and the Salmo Trutta caspius Fish [34 processing fish and 39 non processing fish]. The samples examined according to the APHA2000 and FDA2003 protocols. Data Analyzed with SPSS-13 and Chi-Square test. 16 [11%] of samples [13% of the processed fish and 7.5% of non processed fish] were confirmed that infected by Clostridium botulinum. Also the dominant type of exotoxin was Type E. The Type E exotoxin was determined from 11 of the samples [6 processed fish and 5 non processed fish]. This study showed that fish are infected by Clostridium botulinum special the type E. also use of fish in bad preparation [half cooking and add material in its stomach] may cause the food poisoning

Novel in vitro efficiency of chitosan biomolecule against trichomonas gallinae

Development of new natural agents for parasitic diseases treatment has unexpectedly increased to overcome effectively against emergence and re-emergence of parasitic diseases, the appearance of drug resistant organisms and toxic side effects of current agents. The aim of the study was to evaluate antiprotozoal activities of chitosan biomolecule on trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae. The antitrichomonal activity of various low molecular weight chitosan concentrations including 125, 250, 500 and 1250 micro g ml[-1] against T. gallinae trophozoites cultured in trypticaseyeast extract-maltose medium supplemented with heat-inactivated cold horse serum was evaluated in vitro. Samples containing medium without chitosan were also assayed as controls. The mortality rates at 0, 3 and 6 h post treatment with all concentrations were significantly different from control group [P<0.05]. Treated trophozoites showed more susceptibility to the highest concentration reaching mortality rate of 100% at 3h post inoculation. However, at this time, results for 125, 250 and 500 micro g ml[-1] were 93%, 95% and 96.7%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the application of chitosan biomolecule is a promising option for treatment of trichomoniasis in pigeons

[Anxiety-depressive disorders among irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] patients]

Psychiatric disorders are common in Irritable Bowel Syndrome [IBS] patients. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders varies in IBS patients in different societies. To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders [anxiety-depression] in IBS patients in Rasht. In this cross-sectional study, 256 IBS patients were selected [using criteria of Rome III] and evaluated for psychiatric disorders. In the first phase, subjects were screened by GHQ28. In the second phase, those patients who had scores equal or more than 23 were assessed through semi-structured psychiatric interview. Socio-demographic variables including age, gender, marital status, educational level and occupation, were recorded as well. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Among 256 subjects 30 patients [11.7%] had no significant psychiatric symptoms and 226 subjects [83 male, 143 female] suffered from some degrees of psychiatric problems. After performing semi-structured psychiatric interview; 190 subjects [74.2%] had anxiety-depressive problems [89 patients were suffered from pure anxiety disorders, 41 patients suffered from depressive disorders and 60 patients had co-morbid anxiety-depressive disorders]. In anxiety disorders; generalized anxiety disorder [53.7%] and in depressive disorders; dysthymia [53.5%] had the most frequencies, 53.7% and 53.5% respectively. In comparisone of anxiety-depressive subjects [190 persons] and normal subjects [66 persons], there was a significant statistical differences between the gender [P=0.019], occupation [P=0.002] and intensity of IBS [P<0.001]. Although, further studies are needed to determine the relations of demographic variables and types of IBS with psychiatric disorders, it seems to more attention to the psychiatric disorders of some specific patients suffering from IBS is helpful to their treatment

Histological analysis antimetastatic effect of intera-venus injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin b and monophosphoryl lipid a against fibrosarchoma in lung tissue

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB] is a potent inducer of cytotoxic T-cell activity, cytokine production and necrosis induction in vivo. Monophosphoryl lipid A [MPL] is an adjuvant derived from the lipopolysaccharide of E.coli, Salmonella Minnesota Re595 and other gram negative bacteria. In this research, The antitumor and antimetastatic effect of intra-venus injection of Monophosphoryl Lipid A [MPL], Staphylococcal enterotoxin B [SEB] and SEB+ MPL was evaluated using Balb/C male mice bearing inoculable mice Fibrosarcoma. The anti tumor effect of SEB+ MPL, SEB and MPL in mice with inoculated fibrosarchoma tumor [Wehi-164] was examined by IV injection and the sizes of the inoculated tumors were determined. The inoculated tumors were also examined histologically. Moreover, histophatologic study in lung tissue didn't showed any metastasis. In the mice IV injected group with SEB4- MPL, reduction of tumor size show a significant difference compared with mice in the SEB and MPL injected and negative control group. A significantly higher frequency of necrosis in tumor tissues was also observed in mice in the IV [SEB+ MPL]-injected group in comparison with other group. Moreover, histophatologic study in lung tissue didn't show any metastasis Our findings suggest that tumor cell death and the prevention of metastasis be caused by increased Cytotoxic T-cell activity in response to IV injection of SEB+ MPL that need to more investigation

[Molecular and serological detection of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus from traditionally dairy products]

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most causes of food poisoning [FP] in dairy products. The main etiologic agent of FP is staphylococcal enterotoxins [SE]. There are different types of SE, but type A [SEA] and type B [SEB] are the most important types. Because traditional dairy products are still produced and sold without a permit from the Ministry of Health, this study was conducted to evaluate molecular and serological detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus SEA and SEB from traditionally dairy products. In the current study, 100 samples of dairy products, which were produced by traditional methods, were transported to the laboratory under sterile conditions and were assessed. Samples were cultured and identified by routine bacteriological methods. The isolated bacteria were evaluated by PCR tests for diagnosis of the gene encoding of SEA and SEB. Subsequently, the ability of above mentioned strains to produce enterotoxin were examined by Sac's culture method and were confirmed by SRID. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. The results indicated that 32% of dairy products were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus [18% cream, 10% cheese, 4% milk]. The PCR results showed that 15.6% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates possessed the SEA gene, 9.3% had the SEB gene and 6.2% possessed both genes. The ability of enterotoxin production indicated that 80% of SEA and 33% of SEB genes were expressed. Enterotoxins SEA and SEB are heat stable; therefore heating has no effect on dairy products contaminated by entertoxins and gastritis may occur in a short period of time. As PCR is a rapid, sensitive, specific and inexpensive methods, we suggest that it can be replaced to traditionally assays for detecting SE

Natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice

Rice is one of the crops, which are prone to be contaminated with toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. This study aimed to investigate the natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice in Iran. In a cross-sectional descriptive study in winter 2007, 140 samples of imported rice [125 samples of Thai and 25 samples of Pakistani rice] and 60 samples of Iranian rice were collected from warehouses of canteens of governmental offices in Tehran. After grinding and methanol extraction of the rice samples, the amount of T-2 toxin was measured using a sandwich ELISA. INSTATA statistical software was used for data analysis. All samples of rice were more or less contaminated with T-2 toxin but the amount did not exceed the permissible limit. Mean contamination of domestic and imported rice was 11.2 +/- 2.3 and 13 +/- 2.7 micro g/kg, respectively. Regarding imported rice, mean of contamination was 14.5 +/- 4.6 micro g/kg for the Pakistani rice and 12.6 +/- 2.2 micro g/kg for the Thai rice. There was no significant difference between domestic and imported rice, nor did we find a meaningful difference among Iranian, Pakistani and Thai rice regarding the amount of contamination [P= 0.2]. Although the amount of contamination is less than the safe limit, the extent of natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in rice in Iran indicates that contamination occurs somewhere in the production process. This, in turn, necessitates screening of rice for contamination with mycotoxins from farm to table